吃水不忘挖井人,谁来挖井更能让大家喝上水呢?
Madajewicz, Tompsett, Habib (2021, JDE) 在孟加拉进行了一次关于安全用水的实验,对村庄进行随机分组,采用三种决策模式:
自上而下(The top-down process),由该援助项目的执行方,通过对社区的观察和信息搜集,选择在如何挖以及在哪里挖井。
社区参与(Community participation process), 把以上决定交给社区,一两周后告诉项目执行方他们的决定。
有规制的社区参与(The regulated community participation process),同样是让社区去自由讨论,但对决策过程有如下两个要求:至少要有20个人参与,其中个至少有五名中低收入的女性,五名中低收入的男性,五名高收入的女性,五名高收入的男性;必须所有人都达成一致才能决定(unanimous).
在项目执行前后做了两次问卷调查,发现有规制的社区参与达到的效果格外好,更多的人在项目后得到了安全的饮用水。作者提供两点解释:相较于自上而下的决策,社区参与提供了更多的地方信息local informaiton,因此提高了效率;相较于不受管制的社区参与,对于决策过程的要求减少了精英对于决策过程的主导(elite capture),因此受惠更广。
作者还对满意度进行了调查,发现都挺满意,但不受管制的社区参与的民众认为不太公平。
这个实验的一个前提是技术和资金各方面已经由相关组织提供,所以不存在比较明显的知识壁垒和讨论门槛。
Malgosia Madajewicz, Anna Tompsett, Md. Ahasan Habib, How does delegating decisions to communities affect the provision and use of a public service? Evidence from a field experiment in Bangladesh, Journal of Development Economics, Volume 150, 2021, 102609, ISSN 0304-3878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102609. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438782030184X) Abstract: Most development practitioners would list engaging communities in the provision of public services among best practices for improving access. However, whether community participation enhances provision and use of public services relative to a non-participatory approach is largely unknown because few studies compare impacts when the same public service intervention is implemented with and without community participation. This field experiment compares three approaches to providing safe water in rural Bangladesh. Delegating decisions to the community increases use of safe water by about 80% relative to a top-down provider making the same decisions but only when the approach to delegating decisions limits elite influence. Keywords: Community participation; Delegation of decisions; Elite capture; Drinking water